# improper_style cossq/omp command

## Syntax

improper_style cossq


## Examples

improper_style cossq
improper_coeff 1 4.0 0.0


## Description

The cossq improper style uses the potential

where x is the improper angle, x0 is its equilibrium value, and K is a prefactor.

If the 4 atoms in an improper quadruplet (listed in the data file read by the read_data command) are ordered I,J,K,L then X is the angle between the plane of I,J,K and the plane of J,K,L. Alternatively, you can think of atoms J,K,L as being in a plane, and atom I above the plane, and X as a measure of how far out-of-plane I is with respect to the other 3 atoms.

Note that defining 4 atoms to interact in this way, does not mean that bonds necessarily exist between I-J, J-K, or K-L, as they would in a linear dihedral. Normally, the bonds I-J, I-K, I-L would exist for an improper to be defined between the 4 atoms.

The following coefficients must be defined for each improper type via the improper_coeff command as in the example above, or in the data file or restart files read by the read_data or read_restart commands:

• K (energy)
• X0 (degrees)

Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed in Section 5 of the manual. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.

These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info.

You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.

See Section 5 of the manual for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.

## Restrictions

This improper style can only be used if LAMMPS was built with the USER-MISC package. See the Making LAMMPS section for more info on packages.